Introduction
Shotguns, with their distinctive form and versatile functionality, have long held a significant place in the world of firearms. From hunting expeditions to competitive shooting and even home defense, the shotgun’s ability to deliver a spread of projectiles at close to medium ranges makes it a favorite among enthusiasts. Their adaptability to a wide variety of situations is a testament to their enduring popularity.
When considering a shotgun, a crucial aspect to understand is the “gauge.” This numerical measurement isn’t about the overall size of the weapon, but a key factor defining the size of the barrel and the shells it accommodates. The choice of gauge significantly impacts the shotgun’s performance, from the force of the blast to the pattern of the shot.
This article delves into the specific differences between two of the most common shotgun gauges: the 12 gauge and the 20 gauge. We’ll explore their physical attributes, ballistic performance, ammunition considerations, and ideal applications, providing a comprehensive understanding of each gauge so you can make an informed decision based on your specific needs. Understanding the nuances between these two gauges is essential for anyone seeking to purchase a shotgun or simply wishing to deepen their knowledge of these versatile firearms.
Understanding Gauge Basics
Before diving into the specifics, it’s important to understand the core concept of “gauge.” In the world of shotguns, this term isn’t directly related to the gun’s overall dimensions. Instead, the gauge is a way of measuring the *internal diameter* of the barrel and, consequently, the size of the shells that it can chamber.
The gauge system has a fascinating history tied to the early days of firearms manufacturing. The number associated with the gauge indicates how many lead balls, each having the same diameter as the bore of the shotgun, it would take to make up a pound of lead. For example, a 12 gauge shotgun’s bore is the same diameter as a lead ball that weighs 1/12th of a pound. A 20 gauge, therefore, uses a ball that is 1/20th of a pound. This means a 20 gauge has a smaller bore size than a 12 gauge.
This inverse relationship is critical: a *higher* gauge number means a *smaller* bore diameter. This seemingly counterintuitive system underscores that the gauge number indicates the size of the *projectile*, not the size of the *gun* itself.
Physical Distinctions
The gauge of a shotgun impacts its physical characteristics, which in turn, influence how it handles and performs.
Barrel Dimensions
The most readily apparent physical difference lies in the bore diameter. A 12 gauge has a significantly larger bore diameter compared to a 20 gauge. While the exact measurement can vary slightly between manufacturers, a typical 12 gauge has a bore diameter of approximately .729 inches. In contrast, a 20 gauge has a bore diameter that’s roughly .615 inches. This difference in bore size directly translates into the amount of shot a shell can hold and the overall power of the shotgun.
Size and Build
Generally, a 12 gauge shotgun is larger and heavier than its 20 gauge counterpart. The larger bore and the increased volume of the shell chamber contribute to this difference in weight and dimensions. This difference is noticeable, especially when you’re carrying the shotgun for an extended period. A lighter 20 gauge model is often preferred for users who value maneuverability or are looking for a less cumbersome firearm.
Shell Characteristics
The differences extend to the shells themselves. 12 gauge shells are larger, both in length and diameter, compared to 20 gauge shells. This larger size enables a 12 gauge shell to hold significantly more shot pellets. The increased capacity translates directly to the potential for a denser shot pattern and a greater impact force when fired. The length of the shell also influences the number of shots a magazine can hold in some semi-automatic and pump-action models.
Performance Comparisons
The physical variations between 12 gauge and 20 gauge translate directly into noticeable differences in performance.
The Impact of Recoil
Recoil, the backward force felt when a firearm is discharged, is a significant aspect of the shooting experience. Due to the larger shell capacity and the increased powder charge, 12 gauge shotguns generally have stronger recoil than 20 gauge shotguns. This can affect shooting comfort and the ability to quickly acquire the target for follow-up shots. For beginners or those sensitive to recoil, the milder recoil of a 20 gauge can make it a more pleasant shooting experience.
Shot Patterns and Range
The pattern, which refers to the spread of the shot pellets after exiting the barrel, also differs between the gauges. Typically, a 12 gauge shotgun will produce a wider and denser shot pattern than a 20 gauge, especially at longer distances. This is due to the larger number of pellets in the shell. The size of the shot also influences the pattern, but the overall spread will usually be more broad with a 12 gauge.
The range is another key factor to consider. While the effective range depends on factors like the choke (the constriction at the muzzle that controls the spread), the size of the shot, and the load, a 12 gauge generally provides a slightly longer effective range due to the higher pellet count and the increased energy delivered by the larger payload. However, the difference in range isn’t always significant in many practical hunting situations.
Effectiveness in Action
Effectiveness is about the ability to reliably hit and successfully take down a target. Both 12 and 20 gauge shotguns can be effective. The choice between the two often depends on the target and the shooting scenario.
For hunting larger game or at longer ranges, the greater power of the 12 gauge is often preferred. The denser pattern and higher pellet count can increase the chances of a clean kill, especially when using heavier shot sizes. For targets such as waterfowl and deer, the 12 gauge offers an advantage in terms of its stopping power.
The 20 gauge, while having less energy, can still be highly effective for hunting smaller game like rabbits, upland birds, and close-range targets. Its lighter weight and lower recoil can be beneficial for shooters who might find the 12 gauge unwieldy.
Ammunition Landscape
Ammunition availability and cost play an essential role in the overall ownership experience.
Supply Availability
The 12 gauge is by far the more popular gauge, and as a result, there is a vast and diverse selection of ammunition readily available. You can find 12 gauge shells at virtually any gun store or sporting goods store. The variety is also remarkable, including a wide range of shot sizes, shell lengths, and specialized loads designed for various purposes.
While 20 gauge ammunition is less common, it remains a popular gauge. You will still have numerous options for hunting, sporting clays, and even home defense purposes. However, you may find that the choices are somewhat more limited than with the 12 gauge.
Price Point
The cost of ammunition can fluctuate, but generally, 12 gauge shells are often slightly more affordable than 20 gauge shells, particularly for common loads. This difference in cost is due to the higher production volume of 12 gauge ammunition. However, the price difference is usually not substantial enough to be a major factor when choosing between the two gauges. Prices can also vary greatly depending on the type of shot and the brand.
Practical Applications
The characteristics of 12 and 20 gauges make them suitable for different applications.
Hunting Pursuits
Both gauges are used in hunting, but their suitability depends on the type of game. The 12 gauge is typically favored for larger game due to its greater stopping power. The 20 gauge can be ideal for smaller and mid-sized animals, such as rabbits, squirrels, quail, and doves. The 20 gauge is often popular with hunters who appreciate the reduced weight and less recoil.
Clay Target Sports
In clay target shooting sports, like trap, skeet, and sporting clays, both gauges are utilized. The 12 gauge is most frequently used in competitive shooting due to the wider patterns and increased power. The 20 gauge can be a good choice for recreational shooting or for those who prefer a gun with less recoil.
Defensive Considerations
Both gauges can be viable options for home defense. The 12 gauge, with its higher pellet count and greater stopping power, is often considered an excellent choice for defensive situations. However, the stronger recoil requires practice to maintain control. The 20 gauge offers a lighter platform with manageable recoil, making it suitable for many shooters, while still providing ample stopping power in a home defense scenario.
Comparing the Pros and Cons
Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of each gauge can help you find the right fit for your needs.
The Case for the 12 Gauge
Advantages:
* More potent and capable of delivering a wider selection of ammunition.
* Greater stopping power and a denser shot pattern.
* More available ammo choices.
Disadvantages:
* Heavier and bulkier to handle.
* Higher recoil, which can be less comfortable for some shooters.
The Case for the 20 Gauge
Advantages:
* Lightweight and easier to maneuver.
* Less recoil, allowing for faster follow-up shots.
* Suitable for beginners and those with recoil sensitivity.
Disadvantages:
* Less powerful than a 12 gauge.
* Shorter effective range.
* Potentially fewer ammunition options.
Finding the Right Gauge for You
The selection of a 12 or 20 gauge shotgun is a personal decision, and your preferences and needs should drive your final choice.
When evaluating the gauges, consider:
* **Primary Use:** Decide how you intend to utilize the shotgun. Is it for hunting specific types of game, participating in clay target sports, or for home defense?
* **Shooting Ability:** Consider your existing experience with firearms.
* **Body Build:** Factor in your physical size and strength. A smaller-framed person may find the 20 gauge more manageable.
* **Shot Experience:** Those sensitive to recoil may find the 20 gauge more appealing.
* **Personal inclinations:** Preferences for weight, balance, and overall feel.
Conclusion
In the end, the critical takeaway is that there’s no universally “better” gauge. Both 12 and 20 gauges are effective firearms, each excelling in different scenarios and appealing to different shooters. The choice between the two ultimately hinges on your unique requirements, physical characteristics, and personal preferences. The 12 gauge will offer increased power and a broader ammunition selection. The 20 gauge provides a lighter, more manageable platform. By weighing the pros and cons of each, you can make an informed decision and choose the shotgun that best suits your needs and shooting style. Understanding the “Difference Between A 12 Gauge And A 20 Gauge” allows you to make an informed decision, ensuring you select the best tool for your needs.
